Wicketkeeper-batsman Mushfiqur made the announcement after Bangladesh lost the third one-day international by seven wickets on Wednesday, conceding a one-day series to Zimbabwe despite beating them by a record margin in the first match.
The Tigers began their tour of Zimbabwe as favourites after an encouraging trip to Sri Lanka, but lost the first Test by 335 runs before winning the second to earn a share of the series.
"This is probably my last tour as captain," he told reporters after Wednesday's defeat. "I will resign once we get back to Dhaka.
"The reason is the way we lost the games and at the same time I failed to perform. I think I failed to lead my team, so the two T20 matches will be my last as captain."
The 24-year-old only took over as Bangladesh captain in September 2011, after his predecessor Shakib Al Hasan was removed from the job.
Shakib's dismissal also came in the wake of a tour to Zimbabwe, when the African side won the one-off Test that signalled their return to the five-day game and triumphed 3-2 in the one-day series that followed.
